Multi-functional toner, 150 ml

The transfer of melanosomes can be hindered by niacinamide, an active cosmetic ingredient, making it appropriate for pigmented skin [10]. The agent niacinamide could also hinder the release of chemokines which have inflammatory properties so it is suitable for acne bacteria and is effective for acne-affected or pigmented skin. [2].

The production of epidermal proteins is boosted by niacinamide while preventing skin redness from glycation [11]. Niacinamide can also improve the appearance of skin with acne damage, rosacea, dermatitis, or psoriasis [12].

The skin's protective barrier can be restored with Sodium PCA, a component of the natural skin moisturizing factor or NDF [13]. The presence of hyaluronic acid in this product can help reduce skin irritations and wrinkles caused by premature aging while also hydrating the skin due to its compatibility with human skin [5].

At 5% or higher, lactic acid is an integral ingredient in this product, effectively treating pigmented skin issues with its exfoliating properties. Sun-damaged skin can be treated effectively due to its antioxidant properties [15]. Lactic acid (sodium lactate) is a natural skin moisturizing factor or NDF component that moisturizes the skin by binding water in it. Ceramide production is boosted in the skin, improving its protective barrier, retaining moisture, and resulting in fewer fine lines and firmer skin [14].

With Zinc PCA's ability to prevent UVA-induced metalloproteinase-1 production that breaks down collagen, it becomes a crucial ingredient that stimulates collagen production, helping to fight hyperpigmentation and photoaging [16]. Due to its antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, this ingredient is appropriate for treating skin issues, including seborrheic dermatitis or acne [7-9].

[1] OBLONG,
J. et al. Effect of niacinamide on collagen synthesis and markers of
keratinocyte differentiation. In 60th Annual Meeting of the American Academy
of Dermatology. 2002.

[2] SURJANA
D, Damian DL. Nicotinamide in dermatology and photoprotection. Skinmed. 2011
Nov 1;9(6):360-5.

[3] KAWADA,
Akira, et al. Evaluation of anti‐wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing
niacinamide. The Journal of Dermatology 35, no. 10, 2008:
637-642.

[4] DRAELOS,
Zoe D. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. Journal of cosmetic dermatology,
2018, 17.2: 138-144.

[5] ZHU,
Jieyu, et al. Applications and delivery mechanisms of hyaluronic acid used for
topical/transdermal delivery–a review. International journal of
pharmaceutics, 2020, 578: 119127.

[6] ABD ALSAHEB, Ramzi A., et al.
Lactic acid applications in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. Journal
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7.10: 729-735.

[7] TAKINO,
Y., et al. Zinc l‐pyrrolidone carboxylate inhibits the UVA‐induced production
of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 by in vitro cultured skin fibroblasts, whereas it
enhances their collagen synthesis. International journal of cosmetic science,
2012, 34.1: 23-28.

[8] ROSTAN,
Elizabeth F., et al. Evidence supporting zinc as an important antioxidant for
skin. International journal of dermatology, 2002, 41.9: 606-611.

[9] LANG,
Carol, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of zinc and alterations in zinc
transporter mRNA in mouse models of allergic inflammation. American Journal
of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2007, 292.2:
L577-L584.

[10] HAKOZAKI,
T. et al. The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and
suppression of melanosome transfer. British Journal of Dermatology 147,
no. 1, 2002: 20-31.

[11] ABDULLAH,
K. M., et al. Inhibitory effect of vitamin B3 against glycation and reactive
oxygen species production in HSA: An in vitro approach. Archives of
biochemistry and biophysics, 2017, 627: 21-29.

[12] BAINS,
Pooja, et al. Nicotinamide: Mechanism of action and indications in dermatology.
Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology, 2018, 84: 234.

[13] NADARZYNSKI,
Alexandra; SCHOLZ, Jonas; SCHRÖDER, Markus S. Skin Barrier Enhancing
Alternative Preservation Strategy of O/W Emulsions by Water Activity Reduction
with Natural Multifunctional Ingredients. Cosmetics, 2022, 9.3: 53.

[14] ALGIERT‐ZIELIŃSKA,
Barbara; MUCHA, Paulina; ROTSZTEJN, Helena. Lactic and lactobionic acids as
typically moisturizing compounds. International journal of dermatology,
2019, 58.3: 374-379.

[15] HUANG,
Huey-Chun, et al. Lactic acid bacteria and lactic acid for skin health and
melanogenesis inhibition. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2020,
21.7: 566-577.

[16] TAKINO,
Y., et al. Zinc l‐pyrrolidone carboxylate inhibits the UVA‐induced production
of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 by in vitro cultured skin fibroblasts, whereas it
enhances their collagen synthesis. International journal of cosmetic science,
2012, 34.1: 23-28.

[17] Online Access: https://cosmileeurope.eu/lt/inci/sudedamoji-dalis/14809/sodium-hyaluronate/

[18] Online access: https://cosmileeurope.eu/lt/inci/sudedamoji-dalis/7749/lactic-acid/